STRAIGHT CABLE & CROSS CABLE

Straight Cable :- This cable is use to connect and communicate different addressing system devices.
Like :-
Switch                        to            PC
Modem, Router          to            PC
Hub                            to            PC
Modem, Router          to            Hub
These cables are designed and identify by their colour coding, so lets see the colour coding of straight cable below
White Orange                             White Orange
Orange                                        Orange
White Green                               White Green
Blue                                            Blue
White Blue                                 White Blue
Green                                          Green
White Brown                              White Brown
Brown                                         Brown

Cross cable:- This cable is used to communicate and connect same addressing system devices.
Like :-
PC                           to              PC
Modem, Router       to             PC
Hub                         to             Hub
Switch                     to             Switch
Modem                    to             Router

Now colour coding of cross cable is given below
White Orange                           Orange
Orange                                      White Orange
White Green                             Green
Blue                                          Blue
White Blue                               White Blue
Green                                        White Green
White Brown                            White Brown
Brown                                       Brown

This was all about cables or we can also say communicating medium. 

TWISTED PAIR CABLE

Twisted pair cable is a type of cable  that consist of two independently insulated wires twisted around one another. The use of two wires twisted together helps to reduce crosstalk and electromagnetic induction from external sources. There are  four pairs of wire are in a cable. This cable is invented by Alexander Graham Bell.

TYPES OF TWISTED PAIR CABLE

      Shielded Twisted Pair Cable :- As the name tells us that this is shielded means covered. Each pair of cable is covered by an additional copper braid jacket or foil wrapping. This shielding helps to protect the signals on the cable from external interference. This was used in IBM token ring networks. But this cable is expensive then Unsheilded Twisted Pair.

Speed of this cable is 1000 or 1GBps.

UNSHIELDED TWISTED PAIR CABLE:- This cable is used in many Ethernet network and in 

telephone systems. some subtypes of the cables is given below:-

Cat 1                2-4 Mbps speed

Cat 2                6-8 Mbps speed

Cat 3                10-20 Mbps speed    ETHERNET CABLES 

Cat 4                40-60 Mbps speed 

Cat 5                100 Mbps speed        FASTETHERNET CABLES 

Cat 5 e             150 Mhz speed          GIGAETHERNET CABLES

Cat 6                1000 Mbps speed                            

FIBER OPTICS CABLE

FIBER OPTIC CABLE

In Fiber Optics a technology that uses glass or plastic threads (Fiber) to transmit data. A Fiber cable consist of a bundle of glass threads, each of them is capable of transmitting messages modulates onto light waves.

As shown in the pencil diagram the cable is protected by the outer jacket it protect cable from outer problems. Coating is here to protect the core part of the cable, the core is responsible to data transfer

and receive. The data exchange is done by light in this cable.                                                               

This cable has much greater bandwidth as compare to metal cables, also carry more data then metal cable, much thinner and lighter. Data can be transmitted digitally in this cable                                    

The main disadvantage of fiber optic cable is that cable are expensive to install. In addition they are more fragile then wire and are difficult to splice.                                                                                  

                                                                                                                                            

COAXIAL CABLE

There are many cables used in any network for communication. First of all we will take a look at Coaxial cable.
Coaxial cable is a kind of copper cable used by the cable TV companies between the community antina and user's home. This cable was invented in 1880 and invented by Oliver Heaviside.

As you can see in the diagram the cable is protected by Plastic jacket. Also Dielectric insulator is used here for protecting the inner interference and the electric signals travel through the central core, means the data is exchanged by the central core.

Coaxial Cable is of Two Types
Thin Net Coaxial Cable & Thick Net Coaxial Cable 

Thin Net Coaxial Cable :- The copper wire is Thin as the name says and the wire has less diameter. The range of this wire is 185 Meter, 10 base 2 , means 200 meter long and have 10 Mbps speed.

Thick Net Coaxial Cable:- This wire is Thick and having more diameter then upper discussed cable. This cable is known as 10 base 5 cable ( 500 meter long and 10 Mbps speed) 

HYBRID TOPOLOGY

Hybrid Topology:- The Hybrid topology is nothing it is the combination of two or more topology.

This is the mixture of two topology.

MESH TOPOLOGY

MESH TOPOLOGY                                                                                                                                

Mesh Topology:- As the diagram shows every node is connected to each other and the cable use to connect these nodes is Twisted pair cable. Communication can be slow in this kind of topology, because no such device or technology is used in this network so that can manage the communication channel. According to the design of this topology we can say this is expensive. 

STAR TOPOLOGY

Star topology :- A star topology is designed with each node directly connected to the central device that can be a Switch or could a Hub.

This topology is very easy to install as you can see in the diagram, also easy to detect fault.      

This kind network topology require more wire then Bus topology.                                              

Here is a drawback of this topology is that if the central device stop working by any reason     

than the whole network will stop. This network topology is more expensive than Bus topology.